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Program Information: Youth Information, Training and Resource Centers
Abstract of the Developmental Disabilities Assistance and Bill of Rights Act of 2000 (DD Act of 2000)
Definition of Developmental Disability
ADD’s Goals
Programs Funded under the DD Act of 2000
Projects of National Significance
Projects of National Significance – Youth Information, Training and Resource Centers
The Administration on Developmental Disabilities (ADD) is the Federal agency responsible for implementation and administration of the Developmental Disabilities Assistance and Bill of Rights Act of 2000 (DD Act of 2000) (42 U.S.C. 15001, et seq.) and the disability provisions of the Help America Vote Act (42 U.S.C. Sections 15421-15425, 15461-15462). This agency is located within the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), a component of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS).
Abstract of the Developmental Disabilities Assistance and Bill of Rights Act of 2000 (DD Act of 2000)
For the full text of the DD Act of 2000, click here
The DD Act of 2000 authorizes support and assistance to States, public agencies, and private, non-profit organizations, including faith-based and community organizations, to assure that individuals with developmental disabilities and their families participate in the design of, and have access to, culturally competent services, supports, and other assistance and opportunities that promote independence, productivity, integration, and inclusion into the community.
As defined in the DD Act of 2000, the term “developmental disabilities” means a severe, chronic disability of an individual that is attributable to a mental or physical impairment or combination of mental and physical impairments that are manifested before the individual attains age 22 and are likely to continue indefinitely. Developmental disabilities result in substantial limitations in three or more of the following functional areas: self-care, receptive and expressive language, learning, mobility, self-direction, capacity for independent living, and capacity for economic self-sufficiency.
The DD Act of 2000 identifies a number of significant findings, including:
Disability is a natural part of the human experience that does not diminish the right of individuals with developmental disabilities to enjoy the opportunity for independence, productivity, integration, and inclusion into the community.
Individuals whose disabilities occur during their developmental period frequently have severe disabilities that are likely to continue indefinitely.
Individuals with developmental disabilities often require lifelong specialized services and assistance, provided in a coordinated and culturally competent manner by many agencies, professionals, advocates, community representatives, and others to eliminate barriers and to meet the needs of such individuals and their families.
The DD Act of 2000 also promotes the best practices and policies presented below:
Individuals with developmental disabilities, including those with the most severe developmental disabilities, are capable of achieving independence, productivity, integration, and inclusion into the community, and often require the provision of services, supports, and other assistance to achieve such.
Individuals with developmental disabilities have competencies, capabilities, and personal goals that should be recognized, supported, and encouraged, and any assistance to such individuals should be provided in an individualized manner, consistent with the unique strengths, resources, priorities, concerns, abilities, and capabilities of the individual.
Individuals with developmental disabilities and their families are the primary decision makers regarding the services and support such individuals and their families receive, and play decision making roles in policies and programs that affect the lives of such individuals and their families.
ADD’s Goals
Toward these ends, ADD seeks to support and accomplish the following:
Enhance the capabilities of families in assisting individuals with developmental disabilities to achieve their maximum potential
Support the increasing ability of individuals with developmental disabilities to exercise greater choice and self-determination and to engage in leadership activities in their communities
Ensure the protection of the legal and human rights of individuals with developmental disabilities
Ensure that individuals with developmental disabilities from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds and their families enjoy increased and meaningful opportunities to access and use community services, individualized supports, and other forms of assistance available to other individuals with developmental disabilities and their families
Promote recruitment efforts that increase the number of individuals from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds who work with individuals with developmental disabilities and their families in disciplines related to pre-service training, community training, practice, administration, and policymaking.
ADD, like other programs in ACF, promotes the economic and social well-being of families, children, individuals and communities. ACF and ADD envision:
Families and individuals empowered to increase their own economic independence and productivity
Strong, healthy, supportive communities having a positive impact on the quality of life and the development of children
Partnerships with individuals, front-line service providers, communities, States, and Congress that enable solutions that transcend traditional agency boundaries
Services planned and integrated to improve access to programs and supports for individuals and families
A strong commitment to working with unserved and underserved persons with developmental disabilities and their families
A community-based approach that recognizes and expands on the resources and benefits of diversity
A recognition of the power and effectiveness of public-private partnerships, including collaboration among a variety of community groups and government agencies, such as a coalition of faith-based organizations, grassroots groups, families, and public agencies to address a community need.
The vision, listed above, will enable more individuals, including people with developmental disabilities, to live productive and independent lives integrated into their communities. The Projects of National Significance is a means by which ADD promotes the achievement of this vision website.
Programs Funded under the DD Act of 2000
There are four programs funded under the DD Act of 2000:
State Developmental Disabilities Councils
State Protection and Advocacy Systems for Individuals with Developmental Disabilities’ Rights
National Network of University Centers for Excellence in Developmental Disabilities, Education, Research, and Service
Projects of National Significance.
The Youth Information, Training and Resource Center grants are part of the Projects of National Significance
Projects of National Significance
ADD awards Projects of National Significance grants and contracts to:
Promote and increase the independence, productivity, inclusion and integration into the community of persons with developmental disabilities
Support the development of national and state policy which enhances the independence, productivity, inclusion and integration of these individuals into the community.
These Projects focus on the most pressing issues affecting people with developmental disabilities and their families. Project issues transcend the borders of States and territories, while project designs are oriented to permit local implementation of practical solutions. Examples include:
Data collection and analysis
Technical assistance to program components
Technical assistance to develop information and referral systems
Projects which improve supportive living and quality of life opportunities
Projects to educate policymakers
Efforts to pursue federal interagency initiatives.
Fiscal Year 2006 appropriations provided $11.414 million to support these activities.
This program is authorized under Part E of the Act.
Projects of National Significance – Youth Information, Training and Resource Centers
The purpose of Youth Information, Training and Resource Centers grants is to design and demonstrate community-based information, training, and resource centers with youth and emerging leaders, as defined above for this program announcement.
In FY 2004, ADD awarded funding to 15 Youth Centers to design and implement youth information, training and resource centers. The Youth Centers have worked toward becoming a voice and advocate for young people with developmental disabilities, especially with regard to post high school education, training and employment activities.
In 2007, ADD awarded new YITRC grants to 21 organizations (click here for a listing of them). Under these grants, the groups will continue to develop programs and undertake activities that are supportive of ADD’s objectives for the YITRC. The projects of the YITRC grantees will, at minimum include the following:
Consumer Involvement and Input. All projects must have an advisory committee that primarily (greater than 51%) consists of youth and emerging leaders and allows youth and emerging leaders to make decisions on how the grant funding will be spent on activities and outcomes of the project.
Three Areas of Emphasis. Activities and outcomes of the centers must be related to at least three of the eight areas of emphasis located in the DD Act of 2000 (child care, education and early intervention, employment, health, housing, recreation, transportation, and quality assurance).
Information and Referrals. Projects must include a structure for information and referrals for youth and emerging leaders that parents of youth and emerging leaders, as well as youth related service providers, may also access.
Training. A strong self-advocacy and leadership training component must be an essential part of the projects, especially for emerging young leaders (such as an emerging leader’s Partners in Policymaking curriculum, which can be replicated in other states).
Internet Access. Grantees must develop youth friendly Web-based materials and promote safe use of the Internet by youth and emerging leaders.
Materials for Dissemination. The development and dissemination of youth friendly materials on career paths, money management, and healthy lifestyle choices in accessible formats and in languages other than English are a central theme of the project design.
Unserved and Underserved. Projects must focus on unserved and underserved youth and emerging leaders in the targeted communities; and the project participation and advisory committee shall reflect the diversity of the targeted communities.
Collaboration. Collaboration with these four core groups (self advocacy organization, parent training and information center, Developmental Disabilities Network Partner [Council on Developmental Disabilities, Protection and Advocacy System, University Center for Excellence in Developmental Disabilities Education, Research and Services], State agency), plus others should play a central role in planning and operating the center.
Employment Opportunities. Projects will offer opportunities for youth and emerging leaders with developmental disabilities to be employed by the project.
Capacity Building. Activities of the center will include building the capacity of other youth groups and organizations to include and support youth and emerging leaders, as defined by this program announcement, in their ongoing programs and regular activities.
Community Inclusion. Activities will include identifying and promoting opportunities for youth and emerging leaders to participate in community events and activities to develop their leadership and civic skills and community awareness.
Mentoring. Projects will provide mentoring opportunities, particularly for emerging leaders, to prepare them for careers, community involvement, independent living, and leadership roles.
Civil Rights. Compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act, where applicable, and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, as amended by the Rehabilitation Act Amendments of 1998.
The length of the projects is 36 months comprising three 12-month budget periods.
For a complete list of Youth Information, Training and Resource Centers grantees, including a description of their projects, click here.
Language and the brain
Learning languages ‘boosts brain’
Learning a second language “boosts” brain-power, scientists believe.
Researchers from University College London studied the brains of 105 people – 80 of whom were bilingual. | Learning languages enhances the brain, scientists believe |
They found learning other languages altered grey matter – the area of the brain which processes information – in the same way exercise builds muscles.
People who learned a second language at a younger age were also more likely to have more advanced grey matter than those who learned later, the team said.
Scientists already know the brain has the ability to change its structure as a result of stimulation – an effect known as plasticity – but this research demonstrates how learning languages develops it.
The team took scans of 25 Britons who did not speak a second language, 25 people who had learned another European language before the age of five and 33 bilinguals who had learned a second language between 10 and 15 years old. | “It means that older learners won’t be as fluent as people who learned earlier in life” Andrea Mechelli, of University College London |
The scans revealed the density of the grey matter in the left inferior parietal cortex of the brain was greater in bilinguals than in those without a second language. The effect was particularly noticeable in the “early” bilinguals, the findings published in the journal Nature revealed. The findings were also replicated in a study of 22 native Italian speakers who had learned English as a second language between the ages of two and 34. Lead researcher Andrea Mechelli, of the Institute of Neurology at UCL, said the findings explained why younger people found it easier to learn second languages.
Impact
“It means that older learners won’t be as fluent as people who learned earlier in life. “They won’t be as good as early bilinguals who learned, for example, before the age of five or before the age of 10.” But Cilt, the national centre for languages, cast doubt on whether learning languages was easier at a younger age. A spokeswoman said: “There are conflicting views about the comparative impact of language learning in different age groups, based both on findings and anecdotal evidence.” However, she said it was important to get young people learning languages in the UK. Only one in 10 UK workers can speak a foreign language, a recent survey revealed. But by 2010 all primary schools will have to provide language lessons for children.
Context
A key to understanding anything in a second language is being familiar with the context. There are many ways to become more familiar with context. Actually living the experience is the best but is not always possible. That is why extensive reading and listening is the best alternative to actually living the experience.
When I lived in Hong Kong and studied Mandarin I built up a vast library of content on different subjects of interest that I would read and listen to often. Each time I listened I would seem to focus on different words and phrases until they became natural to me. The local environment did not give me the opportunity to “experience” Mandarin.
Even when I lived in Japan I still had my own language world of reading and listening because it was too difficult to get it all from real life, either because my Japanese was still not good enough or simply because reading can cover more ground than I could experience myself.
Experiments have shown that if you give language learners a glossary or vocabulary list of new words for a text they have not seen it will not help them understand the new text. They simply will not remember these words which they have tried to learn out of context. If they are already familiar with the subject they will understand better, but the vocabulary list will not help.
So the lesson is that all attempts to memorize isolated vocabulary lists, TOEFL vocabulary lists, technical vocabulary lists, antonyms and synonyms, or memorizing the dictionary which Chinese learners sometimes try to do, are very ineffective ways to learn.
That is why in The Linguist we make sure that all words and phrases are learned in the context of authentic content chosen by the learner. Usually the learner will choose a subject that he/she is already familiar with and that makes comprehension and the learning of new vocabulary easier. All occurrences of these words and phrases are collected in the learners’ database for regular review.
You have to experience the language. You have to communicate with people, and to read and to listen a great deal. There are no short cuts. The more efficiently you learn new words and phrases the faster you will grow your language power.
Disability-Related Organizations and Associations
Cultural Competency
Multiculturalism
Even though I speak nine languages I am quite opposed to multiculturalism, or at least the ideology of multicultualism. The ideology of multiculturalism in Western countries promotes the position that immigrants should hold on to their ancestral culture rather than integrate or assimilate to the culture of the country to which they have emigrated. I think that promoting separation over integration is wrong.
People should be allowed to choose what they want to do. There should be no forced integration but there should also be no official encouragement to stay separate based on ancestry. The premise of multiculturalism is that ancestry, or assumed ancestry, should dictate your culture. This idea has many serious disadvantages.
First of all it works against the development of an inclusive sense of community within the host country. It encourages people to only see their original ethnic community as “their community”. This weakens solidarity in the host society.
Second, multiculturalism suggests that someone of a particular ethnic origin has an obligation to learn his/her ancestral language and culture, even in the second generation. There should be no such obligation. If I want to learn a language not related to my ancestry in preference to the language of my ancestors, that should be a matter of free choice.
There is an inherent contradiction in multiculturalism since the cultures that are promoted as being worthy of preserving are usually themselves the result of cultural blending. If French or Chinese or Moroccan culture is already the results of various cultures blending together, why should this blending process or assimilation in a new country be considered undesirable.
As a linguist I consider that I am free to learn any language and to enjoy any culture. I oppose the bureaucratic imposition of the parents cultural identity on a new generation of citizens. What is the connection to language learning? I will cover that in another post where I will point out that tying ancestry to language is a major obstacle to language learning.
Logic and rhetoric
People who come from a non-Western language background, have a much tougher time learning English. They do not have the Latin and Greek based vocabulary that is common to so many European languages.They have also not been exposed to the Western way of thinking that is behind much of the reading that we all do in school. The origin of the Western way of expressing ideas lies in the classics of ancient Greece and Rome, which have inspired centuries of Western literature and influenced how we express ourselves.
I have found a web site which I would recommend to any person of non-European background as an excellent place to become familiar with the theories of classical rhetoric. Here‘s the link. Spend some time studying this content and the different techniques of conveying ideas and persuading others. I think it will be quite helpful. It is recommended for advanced learners.
Ski trip
I just finished a wonderful week of skiing at Big White near Kelowna in the BC Interior. The climate is a little colder than the coastal range near Vancouver. The snow is light and plentiful. The runs were long and varied. There were steep bowls with fresh powder snow, moguls, long giant slalom type of runs, and skiing through the trees.
I went with my son, daughter-in-law, her mother and our three grandchildren. We stayed in a chalet we rented right on the hill. In fact all the accommodation at Big White is “ski in ski out.”
The temperature varied between minus 5 and 0 Centigrade. We had two days of blue sunshine and three days of variable visibility and snow. But we need the snow so that was all right.
In the evenings my son and I played a high quality of outdoor pick-up hockey on an outdoor rink. We also took the whole family including grandchildren and grandparents for night-time tubing down a groomed tubing hill.
The grandparents had time to spoil their grandchildren and we had lovely meals at our chalet every evening, with plenty of help from all. New Year’s eve we had our champagne and went to bed early in order to be first on the slopes the next day.
I did not have time to think about language learning except when I sat beside some snowboarders from Korea who were studying English in Kelowna.
How long does it take?
People always ask me how quickly they can “learn” a second language, like English for example. I always answer that it depends on your level, and whether the language you are learning shares a lot of vocabulary with a language you already know (Italian-Spanish-even English; Korean-Japanese-Chinese etc.). Most of all it depends on how much effort you put in.
Along with motivation, intensity is one of the most important principles of language learning. If you spend at least 90 minutes per day for six days out of seven every week, you will make a significant breakthrough in three months. If you study 3 hours a week you will achieve very little.
A breakthrough might mean getting to basic conversation ability starting from zero. It might mean going from basic conversation to the ability to express more complex thoughts and read comfortably. You will know when you have made a breakthrough and it feels good.
Of course your activity must be intense. Sitting in language class may not be intense, especially if there 15 other students in the class. Personal study is intense. I am talking about reading, listening, learning words and phrases and using them in writing and speaking. You can do that with a minimum amount of tutoring.
Language learning is an ongoing process. You are always less than perfect but you should be constantly improving if you do it right. It is a long road of gradually getting more and more comfortable in the language. It should always be enjoyable but it does require deliberate effort.
I am not sure if this clarifies things or makes things more confusing.